According to Bronkhorst, while Jaina and Hindu meditation traditions predate Buddhism, the Buddhist terminology such as Samadhi, may have influenced the wording found in one of the several types of Dhyana found in the Mahabharata as well as parts of Patanjali's Yogasutras. The earliest mention of Dhyana in the canonical Jaina texts simply mention Dhyana as a means of emancipation, but in them ascetic practices are not emphasized nor is the discussion as systematic as in later Jaina texts or Hindu texts such as the Patanjali's Yogasutras. Dhyana, states Sagarmal Jain, has been essential to Jaina religious practices, but the origins of Dhyana and Yoga in the pre- canonical era (before 6th- century BCE) is unclear, and it likely developed in the Sramanic culture of ancient India. According to Bronkhorst, the mainstream concept developed and is evidenced in Jaina and Hindu texts in pre- Buddhist period. It is a composite of three terms, namely dhyai, upasana (. ![]() ![]() If the concentration was on one object, Dhyana is non- judgmental, non- presumptuous observation of that object.ĭhyana is uninterrupted train of thought, current of cognition, flow of awareness. A statue of a meditating man (Kashmir, India).
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